نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Few studies have examined integrative models in the context of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. In this context, the aim of the present study was the preliminary evaluation of the transdiagnostic educational package based on the schema therapy model, self-compassion model, and emotion regulation model in cardiac health-related behaviors. 

3 people were selected in a single-case pilot study and received an intervention package based on the research model during 15 sessions. Participants responded to the cardiac health behavior scale (Song et al., 2018), Self-Compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003), Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), and Emotion Regulation Scale (Gross and John, 2003). The data were analyzed by visual analysis of graphs analysis, indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage, and Cohen's effect size.

The findings showed that the recovery percentage of the first, second, and third participants in the reappraisal respectively was 40, 38, and 43 percent, suppression was 46, 46, and 45 percent, self-compassion was 41, 34, and 41 percent and cardiac health-related behaviors were 32, 33 and 35 percent.

also, the reduction percentage of the first, second, and third participants in reappraisal respectively was 67, 62, and 76 percent, suppression was 32, 32, and 31 percent, self-compassion was 68, 51, and 69 percent, and cardiac health-related behaviors were 47, 50 and 54 percent.The effect size of the reappraisal for the first, second, and third participants was -0.91, -0.79 and -0.80 respectively, suppression was 0.83, 0.91, and 0.93, self-compassion was -0.78, -0.86 and -0.90 and cardiac health related-behaviors were -0.83, -0.75 and -0.87.

According to the findings supporting the proposed model, the transdiagnostic educational package based on schema therapy, emotion regulation, and self-compassion model can be used to improve cardiac health-related behaviors.

The birth of a child in any family can create a turning point in the life of any individual and lead to many changes. But births become problematic when they are born with a disability. The aim of this study was to evaluate The effectiveness of self-compassionate resilience training on self-talk and psychological distress in parents of mentally retarded students.

This study was conducted with a quantitative approach and a quasi-experimental method using a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of mentally retarded children in Ardakan. Using the available sampling method, 30 people were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people (experimental and control). Participants answered Kessler et al.'s (2002) Psychological Distress Questionnaire and Brin Tapet et al.'s (2008) Self-talk Questionnaire (STS). Compassionate integration training was also taught to mothers of mentally retarded children in Ardakan during 8 sessions of 1.5 hours. But the control group did not receive any intervention during the experiment. Finally, the research data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and at a significance level of 0.05

The results showed that resilience training combined with self-compassion had a significant effect on self-talk and psychological distress of parents of students with mental disabilities (P <0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that resilience education integrated with compassion can be a good option to improve the psychological status and mental health of mothers of students with intellectual disabilities.

Although the relationship between borderline personality traits and students' non-suicidal self-injury has been confirmed, little attention has been paid to its mediating factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between borderline personality traits and non-suicidal self-injury in students.

This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included 202 students of Azad Islamic University of Neyshabur, Iran. The participants were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by borderline personality scale (STB), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and deliberate self-harm inventory (DSHI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, LISREL software, Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, other-blame) mediated the relationship between borderline personality traits and non-suicidal self-injury in students.

According to the results of the present study, people with borderline personality traits experience non-suicidal self-injury through maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, clinical interventions related to emotion regulation can play an important role in preventing non-suicidal self-injury.

This study aims to study the role of personality traits, Alexithymia, and cognitive avoidance on positive and negative emotions.

The method of this research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all Bachelor students of Zanjan University aged 18-25 in the academic year 2018-2019. 220 people were selected as a statistical sample by the available sampling method. Using the Big Five Factors Questionnaire (McCreery and Costa, 1985), Toronto Emotional Dysfunction Scale (Bagby, Parker Taylor, 1994), Cognitive Avoidance Scale (Sexton and Dagas Ria, 2004), and positive and negative emotion scales (Watson, Clark and Telgen, 1989) were collected. Findings were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression.

The results showed that neuroticism, difficulty in identifying feelings, difficulty in describing feelings, suppression of thought, substitution of thought, distraction, avoidance, and transformation of thought into thought have a positive and meaningful relationship. Extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness have a negative and significant relationship with negative emotion. In addition, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and avoidance have a positive and meaningful relationship. Also, there is neuroticism, difficulty in identifying the feeling, and difficulty in describing the feeling of negative and meaningful relationship with positive emotion.

The results showed that personality traits, alexithymia, and cognitive avoidance are effective in positive and negative emotions. Based on the findings, it can be said that different personalities and people with alexithymia and cognitive avoidance experience different emotions to an unequal degree.

Attachment styles are related to the ability to regulate emotions and cognitive flexibility; Therefore, there is this hypothesis that people's desire to marry is influenced by secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles, and positive emotional schemas; Also, emotional regulation and flexibility can be important in this case. In this way, the present research sought to investigate these relationships.

This study is a type of correlation design based on the analysis of structural relationships (structural equation modeling). The statistical sample in this study was 500 students of Shahed University of Tehran and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020-2021. The tools used in this study include the following questionnaires: Por-Etemad et al.'s Marriage Desire Scale, which was created in 2012, Gross's Emotional Regulation Questionnaire was created in 2003, Leahy's Emotional Schemas Questionnaire was created in 2012, and the Flexibility Questionnaire. The recognition was developed by Dennis et al., 2010, and the Besharat adult attachment scale was developed in 2016. Questionnaires were completed through sharing in virtual space. In analyzing the findings of this study, descriptive statistics methods were used using SPSS software, and path coefficients between model variables in Lisrel software and other fit indices were used.

The findings showed that all kinds of attachment styles can affect the desire to marry. Also, attachment styles had significant relationships with cognitive reappraisal, emotion suppression, and cognitive flexibility. Among the emotional schemas, only the emotion controllability schema was able to significantly predict the desire to marry. In the investigation of indirect relationships, we saw that the effect of attachment styles and control schema on willingness to marry decreased with the inclusion of mediator variables. And the biggest effect was related to cognitive flexibility variable.

The findings of the research showed the effect of attachment styles and emotional schemas on the degree of people's willingness to marry, relying on the methods of evaluation and management of emotions and their cognitive flexibility. Therefore, these variables can be taken into consideration in the scope of interpersonal communication and psychological problems in creating and maintaining effective relationships and increasing willingness to marry.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological flexibility and self-efficacy in females with MS.

To carry out this research, 30 women at Kashani Hospital in Isfahan who were diagnosed with MS were selected. In two stages pre-test and post-test, they were measured through the cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and Sherer & Maddux general self-efficacy scale (GSSES) in 1 group of treatment and 1 control group. The experimental group was treated for 8 sessions based on compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Research data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and one-way analysis of covariance and SPSS software were used.

The results showed that the treatment increased psychological flexibility and self-efficacy in the post-test compared to the pre-test. But this change was not observed in the control group.

using compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in increasing psychological flexibility and self-efficacy of women with multiple sclerosis.

Considering the emergence of covid-19 disease and the importance of the anxiety of this disease in the mental health of women, the aim of this research was to predict Covid-19 anxiety based on life orientation and cognitive flexibility among the women of Baneh City.

This research is a correlational study, which was conducted cross-sectionally. The statistical population included all women in Baneh city, from which 250 people were selected using available random sampling and answered the questionnaires on Covid-19 anxiety, life orientation, and cognitive flexibility. The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis with enter model SPSS-18 software.

The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between optimistic orientation and Covid-19 anxiety and its dimensions. There is a positive and significant relationship between the physical dimension of Covid-19 anxiety and pessimistic orientation. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and Covid-19 anxiety and the results of multiple regression analysis revealed that 7 % and 7.3% of the variance of Covid-19 anxiety is explained by optimistic orientation, Control, and Alternatives subscales.

The findings showed that life orientation and cognitive flexibility play an important role in women's covid-19 anxiety. Therefore, targeting such topics in people's psychological intervention programs can be useful in reducing their covid-19 anxiety.

Childhood traumas can have a profound effect on the psychological characteristics of people throughout their lives. The present study was conducted to model suicidal ideation based on primary maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of emotional regulation in people with a history of childhood adversity (physical and sexual).

This research is a type of correlational study. The statistical population of the current study consists of all adults in Tehran who have a history of physical and sexual adversity in childhood. The sample included 300 people with a history of childhood adversities who were selected by purposeful sampling. To measure research variables were used childhood trauma questionnaires (CTQ), Beck Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (BSSI), the Inconsistent Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF), and Gratz Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS).

Analysis of the research data showed that the proposed research model has a goodness of fit. The fit indices of the model showed goodness of fit (IFI, CFI, GFI, NFI<0.9). Therefore, the results of path analysis showed that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in adults with childhood trauma (p < 0.05).

Since the defect in the process of emotional regulation is an important factor in the maintenance and emergence of mental disorders, the difficulty in emotional regulation can be an important mediating factor in relation to many important variables in the pathology of mental disorders, such as maladaptive schemas and symptoms of mental disorders such as suicidal thoughts, therefore, special attention should be paid to the role of emotion regulation in pathology and treatment.

This research aims to develop and test the adolescents' self-esteem causal model based on the parent-child relationship and basic psychological needs with the mediating role of self-concept.

The descriptive-correlation research was of the structural equation type. The statistical population consisted of all the second-year high school students of Meibod City in 2019-2020, and 461 people from the target population were selected as the sample size using the available sampling method and participated in the research virtually. The data was collected using Coopersmith's self-esteem, parent-child relationship by Fine et al., Rogers`s basic psychological needs and self-concept questionnaires. Finally, the data of 398 participants, which were analyzable, was collected in order to investigate the research hypotheses using the structural equation modeling method and SPSS25 and AMOS24 software.

The results of structural equation modeling confirmed the fit of the hypothetical research model. Also, the results obtained from the path coefficients in the structural model showed that the parent-child relationship and basic psychological needs have a positive and significant effect, and self-concept has a negative and significant effect on the self-esteem of adolescents.  In addition, self-concept mediates the relationship between the parent-child relationship and basic psychological needs with self-esteem in adolescents. The variables of the parent-child relationship, basic psychological needs, and self-concept explain a total of 62% of the variance of self-esteem in adolescents.

Therefore, considering the role of improving the parent-child relationship, and satisfying the basic psychological needs and self-concept in the formation of self-esteem of adolescents, it is necessary to inform parents and adolescents about the characteristics of adolescence and its effects in the later stages of life.

Mothers with autistic children suffer from high levels of stress and mindfulness, consisting of several components, is effective in reducing their stress; therefore efforts to improve the components of mindfulness are essential.  Therefore, trying to improve the components of mindfulness is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy in improving the components of mindfulness in mothers with children with autism.

The present study is a semi-experimental type of research (pre-test-post-test design with a control group) and the statistical population consisted of all the mothers of students in Tehran's second education district in 2020 who were diagnosed with autism. The samples were first selected purposefully, then they were divided into two equal experimental and control groups by a simple random method. To collect data, Baer's mindfulness questionnaire was used before and after the 8-session treatment period. Finally, the data were interpreted through multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings showed that the intervention was effective with the coefficient of 0.41, 0.43, and 0.61, respectively, effective in improving the components of mindfulness, including "observation, action with consciousness and description".

Accordingly, it is possible to use the mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy group as a suitable method to improve the mindfulness of mothers with autistic children, which is not only because mothers enjoy the benefits of improving the mind.  Awareness reduces the stress caused by raising a child with autism disorder, but it can also have other effects of improving the components of mindfulness (such as reducing anxiety, consequences and psychological complications caused by raising a child with autism disorder).

Adjustment of patients with the challenges and tensions of Covid-19 using integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and emotion regulation can be associated with the level of Self-concept clarity. Therefore, the integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and emotion regulation of patients were compared based on the levels of Self-concept Clarity.

The present study had a Single-factor design. The population of the study was patients with Covid-19 and a sample included 162 participants. Based on the levels of self-concept clarity (low, middle, and high), three groups were defined, each consisting of 35 people. Data were collected using the self-concept clarity, integrative self-knowledge scale, emotion regulation questionnaire, and self-compassion scale. Data were analyzed using the MANOVA test and Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

According to the results, the mean integrative self-knowledge and self-compassion in the high Self-concept clarity group were significantly more than the other two groups, and in the middle group more than the low group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of reappraisal. The mean of suppression in the high self-concept clarity group was higher than the low self-concept clarity group.

These findings imply that the higher levels of Self-concept Clarity can help to promote integrative self-knowledge and self-compassion and reduce suppression in the patients with Covid-19 that facilitates adjustment with the disease.

This research aims to study the Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (MCBT) on emotional self-regulation and ineffective self-evaluation attitudes of secondary school managers.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with a control group. The research community was composed of all managers of the first secondary school in Mashhad in the year 2021-2022. In this research, 30 managers were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 managers in the experimental group and 15 managers in the control group). The research tools included the ineffective attitude questionnaires of Weisman and Beck (1997) and the emotion self-regulation (ACS) of Williams et al. (1997). The procedure was: first, both groups responded to the research instruments and then the experimental group was treated for 16 sessions (8 weeks, 2 sessions per week, and each session 90 minutes) and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the end, both groups responded to the research instruments again (post-test). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software and inferential statistics of covariance analysis was used. 

The results of the analysis of covariance showed that by eliminating the effect of pre-test scores on self-control of emotions and Dysfunctional Attitudes as a scattering variable, the main effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (MCBT) on emotion self-regulation and ineffective self-evaluation attitudes (p<0.05). 

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be used as an effective method for emotion self-regulation and ineffective self-evaluation attitudes with secondary school managers.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment, care, and lifestyle modification. In addition to biological mechanisms, psychological factors can play a role in diabetes. Positive psychological therapy and motivational interviewing seem to help. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of training based on positive psychology and motivational interview on psychological capital, lifestyle, and emotional distress in people with type 2 diabetes.

his quasi-experimental research project is a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included 45 type 2 diabetes patients in 2019 in Tehran, referring to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute who were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Both under-treatment groups were evaluated before and after the treatment using Walker's lifestyle questionnaire (1997) and psychological Capital Lotanz (2007) questionnaire, Subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The first group received a positive psychology approach (Seligman, 2006), for 8 sessions of 60 minutes. The second group received a motivational interview therapy approach (Miller, 1983), for 10 sessions of 45 minutes. But the control group did not receive any treatment.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of positive psychology training and motivational interviewing training on psychological capital and lifestyle (p<0/05). Also, motivational interview training is more effective in lifestyle subscales (nutrition, exercise, health responsibility, stress management, and self-actualization) in people with type 2 diabetes than in the positive psychology method. But in the interpersonal support subscale, there was no significant difference between the two training methods. In addition, the positive psychology training is significantly more effective than the motivational interview training on the subscales of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism) in people with type 2 diabetes (p<0/05).

The results showed both methods of positive psychology training and motivational interviewing training have a positive effect on the lifestyle and psychological capital of people with type 2 diabetes. So, it is suggested to be used in counseling centers and clinics for people with type 2 diabetes as a therapeutic approach.

A study of the conducted research shows that with the spread of corona disease, nurses, as one of the main groups dealing with the disease, are facing an increase in psychological issues and a decrease in the quality of life, therefore, the current research aims to predict the quality of nurses' life based on chronic anxiety and cognitive flexibility.

The design of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population included all nurses employed in hospitals in the province of Kermanshah in 1400, 360 of whom answered the survey questions by available sampling method and online. Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36), coronavirus-induced anxiety Alipour et al. (CDAS), and Dennis and Vanderwall cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) questionnaires were used for research and data collection.

The results of this study indicated that the quality of life of nurses has a significant negative relationship with the coronavirus-induced anxiety variables and its subscales ( ) and a significant positive relation to cognitive flexibility and its sub-scales ( ). Furthermore, the analysis of the regression results demonstrated that the coronavirus-induced anxiety and cognitive flexibility variables can collectively account for 20.8% of changes in the quality of life variable.

Considering that the matter of the quality of life of nurses is important for both themselves and the health of society, and The results of this study demonstrated that an acceptable percent of this variable can be explained by coronavirus-induced anxiety and cognitive flexibility, Programs in the field of anxiety management, familiarity with cognitive flexibility and its promotion by a psychologist can be implemented online or in person.

There is an increasing research interest in the concept and measurement of mental toughness. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the psychometric properties of the shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ-12) for adolescents.

In this survey study, 300 adolescents who were selected using the convenience sampling method, were answered the shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ-12) and the Health-oriented Academic life-style Questionnaire (Salehzadeh, Shokri & Fathabadi, 2017).

The confirmatory factor analysis proved the same unidimensional solution, as in the previous study on adolescents. The unidimensional structure of the shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ-12) was confirmed. All the items had significant path estimates (.65 to .94). Cronbach’s alpha for the shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaire was .94. Criterion evidence for the mental toughness factor scores was demonstrated through significant correlations with health-oriented academic life-style behaviors. 

Results show preliminary psychometric support for the MTQ-12 as a valid and reliable assessment tool to be used in research contexts. On the other hand, these findings provide further psychometric evidence for the MTQ-12 and support the utility of the questionnaire in Iran.